Abstract This research shows two new microalloyed steels with niobium (Nb) for railroad wheels (Nb1 and Nb2) applied on heavy haul transportation (load over 30 tons/axle). The steels have mixed microstructure composed of pearlite and bainite (finished wheel rim section), and another one composed of martensite with bainite (black wheel section removed on machining) obtained by continuous cooling quenching heat treatment followed by tempering. The bainitic and martensitic microstructure are sensitive to the temper embrittlement phenomenon; therefore, knowing the embrittlement temperature range of these steels is mandatory in order to avoid such an event in the tempering process. Charpy specimens were extracted from the rim of railroad wheels, austenitized (860 ºC), quenched in water for four minutes, and tempered at different temperatures to obtain the embrittlement curve. Three materials were compared: AAR (Association of American Railroads) Class C steel with pearlitic microstructure (not sensitive to embrittlement), Nb1, and Nb2 microalloyed steels with martensitic, bainitic, and pearlitic microstructures. The microalloyed steels have niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), and silicon (Si) addition. The effect of Si content and the microstructure (analyzed by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM)), regarding the embrittlement phenomenon, was also studied. The microstructure of Nb2 steel was analyzed by with Transmission Electronic Microscope (TEM) for improving its characterization.

Heavy haul transportation (load over 30 tons/axle), as well as the axle load, has been more and more used in Brazil and worldwide. The stress generated in the wheel-rail contact with loads up to 30 tons/axle is around 760 MPa, which causes premature wear and cracks of conventional wheels (AAR (Association of American Railroads) class C). Microalloyed wheels are fundamental on heavy haul transport, whose main function is to combine high hardness, ductility, and yield strength of the material in order to prevent shelling. The main purpose of this research is to develop a new microalloyed wheel steel with niobium addition that meets all the requirements of the AAR class D material with mixed microstructure composed of pearlite and bainite. The 0.71C/0.020Nb steel developed in this study (Nb material) for railroad achieved the standards required for AAR class D in all mechanical properties, with fracture toughness higher than the usual vanadium microalloyed steel used in comparison. The Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagram showed the presence of bainite even at very low cooling rate, in the range between 0.3 - 2 °C/s. These cooling rates to form bainite are much lower than those observed in other steels with similar composition.

A survey was carried out in Angola with the aim of collecting vegetable crops. Collecting expeditions were conducted in Kwanza-Sul, Benguela, Huíla and Namibe Provinces and a total of 80 accessions belonging to 22 species was collected from farmers and local markets. Species belonging to the Solanaceae (37 accessions) and Cucurbitaceae (36 accessions) families were the most frequently found with pepper and eggplant being the predominant solanaceous crops collected. Peppers were sold in local markets as a mixture of different types, even different species: Capsicum chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens and C. pubescens. Most of the eggplant accessions collected belonged to Solanum aethiopicum L. Gilo Group, the so-called 'scarlet eggplant'. Cucurbita genus was better represented than the other cucurbit crops. A high morphological variation was present in the Cucurbita maxima and C. moschata accessions. A set of 22 Cucurbita accessions from Angola, along with 32 Cucurbita controls from a wide range of origins, was cultivated in Valencia, Spain and characterised based on morphology and molecularity using a set of 15 microsatellite markers. A strong dependence on latitude was found in most of the accessions and as a result, many accessions did not set fruit. The molecular analysis showed high molecular variability and uniqueness in the collected accessions, as shown by their segregation from the set of global controls. In summary, the material collected is quite valuable because of its uniqueness and the potential of the breeding characteristics it possesses.

Situação particular marca as condições da saúde humana e do ambiente no primeiro surto da produção gomífera na Amazônia Ocidental, região do Acre, sendo que a maior parte dele (1870-1903) ocorreu em território ainda pertencente à Bolívia. Com base nesse quadro histórico, o trabalho busca descrever e compreender como fatores e processos exógenos a esses dois campos de análise mediavam os riscos, com origem no ambiente, para o adoecimento e a morte nas populações dos seringais "brasileiros" em território boliviano. Explora-se, assim, a inter-relação entre saúde e ambiente, a partir das configurações historicamente específicas das condições físico-naturais, socioeconômicas, políticas e culturais. O trabalho evidencia que esses fatores e processos extrínsecos às atividades produtivas exerceram não só influência, tanto em seu aspecto organizativo quanto funcional, como determinaram as condições insalubres que se observaram nas regiões produtoras. Aponta, ainda, que a infraestrutura então existente era suficiente para a produção e a reprodução extrativista.

A peculiar situation marks the conditions of human and environmental health in the first major cycle of rubber production in the Acre region of the Western Amazon, whereby the bulk of the boom (1870-1903) occurred in the territory that at that time still belonged to Bolivia. Based on this historical background, this work seeks to describe and comprehend how these factors and processes, which are exogenous to these two fields of analysis mediated the risks that originated in the environment, gave rise to sickness and death in the population of the "Brazilian" rubber-tree plantations established in Bolivian territory. In this manner, the inter-relations between health and environment linked to historically specific configurations of the physical-natural, socioeconomic, political, and cultural conditions, are examined. The work shows that these extrinsic factors and processes to the productive activities exerted an influence not only on its organizational but also functional aspects, while also resulting in the unhealthy conditions observed in the productive regions. It further highlights the fact that the extant infrastructure of the time was sufficient for extractive production and reproduction.

Situação particular marca as condições da saúde humana e do ambiente no primeiro surto da produção gomífera na Amazônia Ocidental, região do Acre, sendo que a maior parte dele (1870-1903) ocorreu em território ainda pertencente à Bolívia. Com base nesse quadro histórico, o trabalho busca descrever e compreender como fatores e processos exógenos a esses dois campos de análise mediavam os riscos, com origem no ambiente, para o adoecimento e a morte nas populações dos seringais "brasileiros" em território boliviano. Explora-se, assim, a inter-relação entre saúde e ambiente, a partir das configurações historicamente específicas das condições físico-naturais, socioeconômicas, políticas e culturais. O trabalho evidencia que esses fatores e processos extrínsecos às atividades produtivas exerceram não só influência, tanto em seu aspecto organizativo quanto funcional, como determinaram as condições insalubres que se observaram nas regiões produtoras. Aponta, ainda, que a infraestrutura então existente era suficiente para a produção e a reprodução extrativista.

A peculiar situation marks the conditions of human and environmental health in the first major cycle of rubber production in the Acre region of the Western Amazon, whereby the bulk of the boom (1870-1903) occurred in the territory that at that time still belonged to Bolivia. Based on this historical background, this work seeks to describe and comprehend how these factors and processes, which are exogenous to these two fields of analysis mediated the risks that originated in the environment, gave rise to sickness and death in the population of the "Brazilian" rubber-tree plantations established in Bolivian territory. In this manner, the inter-relations between health and environment linked to historically specific configurations of the physical-natural, socioeconomic, political, and cultural conditions, are examined. The work shows that these extrinsic factors and processes to the productive activities exerted an influence not only on its organizational but also functional aspects, while also resulting in the unhealthy conditions observed in the productive regions. It further highlights the fact that the extant infrastructure of the time was sufficient for extractive production and reproduction.

A atmosfera de regiões costeiras adjacentes a regiões urbanas podem ser afetadas pela emissão de diferentes poluentes atmosféricos, dentre eles, os íons majoritários. Nesse estudo foram estudadas a composição química e as fontes de carboxilatos e íons solúveis em água em partículas finas e grossas bem como as estimativas de fluxo de deposição seca em um sítio em uma região costeira tropical afetada por uma Região Metropolitana. As concentrações médias de carboxilatos totais foram 78 ng m–3 na fração fina e 81 ng m–3na fração grossa do material particulado (MP). Os valores correspondentes de concentração para os íons inorgânicos foram 2143 ng m–3 e 4880 ng m–3, respectivamente, para as frações fina e grossa. As principais fontes para as partículas finas foram: (i)formação fotoquímica de ácidos carboxílicos na fase vapor e posterior conversão gás-partícula sobre partículas de sal marinho, (ii) emissões de fontes antrópicas envolvendo processos de transporte de longas distâncias; e(iii) a interconversão de espécies voláteis entre fases atmosféricas. Por sua vez, as fontes predominantes para as partículas grossas foram:(i) espécies gasosas ab/adsorvidas em partículas pré-existentes, (ii)emissão primária de partículas grossas de fontes antrópicas, e (iii) spray marinho e/ou ressuspensão do solo. Finalmente, a deposição seca de partículas representa o fluxo de íons majoritários na interface ar-oceano.

The coastal atmosphere adjacent to large urban areas can be strongly affected by the emission of air pollutants, among them, major ions species. In this study, the chemical composition and sources of carboxylates and other water-soluble ions in fine and coarse aerosols as well as estimates of particle dry deposition fluxes were studied at a tropical coastal site affected by an urban environment. The mean concentrations of the total carboxylates were 78 ng m–3 in fine fraction and 81 ng m–3 in coarse fraction of particulate matter (PM). The corresponding values for the total inorganic ions were 2143 ng m–3 and 4880 ng m–3 respectively. Main sources for fine particles were:(i) photochemical formation of carboxylic acids in vapor phase and a posterior gas-to-particle conversion onto sea salt particles; (ii) emissions from anthropic sources with long range transportation processes; and (iii) the interchanging of volatile species among atmospheric phases. In turn, for coarse particles, the predominant sources were: (i)gas-phase species and ab/adsorbed onto pre-existing particles afterwards;(ii) primary emission of coarse particles from anthropogenic sources; and (iii) sea salt spray and/or soil resuspension. Finally, particle dry deposition was a very important mechanism representing air-to-sea fluxes of major species.

Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar a involução das estruturas umbilicais em bezerros sadios da raça Nelore ao longo dos primeiros 35 dias de vida, e de comparar esse processo em bezerros concebidos por métodos naturais ou por fertilização in vitro (FIV). Quarenta bezerros foram distribuídos em dois grupos (n=20) de acordo com o método de concepção (natural ou FIV) e cada grupo foi composto por dez machos e dez fêmeas. A ultrassonografia (transdutor microconvexo de 7,5 MHz) foi empregada para examinar o conjunto das estruturas remanescentes do cordão umbilical que compõem o umbigo externo e as estruturas abdominais (veia umbilical, artéria umbilical esquerda e ducto alantóide), mensurando-se os seus diâmetros em locais definidos. Os exames foram realizados entre 24 e 36 horas de vida e aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias de idade. Testaram-se os efeitos do sexo, da idade e do método de concepção por meio da análise de variâncias de medidas repetidas. O exame ultrassonográfico provou-se adequado para a avaliação das estruturas umbilicais extra e intracavitárias permitindo a caracterização do processo fisiológico de involução das mesmas. No umbigo externo, as veias umbilicais foram observadas como imagem individualizada até os 14 dias de vida e um conjunto de estruturas em processo de atrofia era visualizado após essa idade. No abdômen, a veia e a artéria umbilicais foram visualizadas até os 35 dias de idade e o ducto alantóide somente durante a primeira semana de vida. Essas estruturas apresentaram-se com parede hiperecóica regular e contínua e lúmen homogeneamente anecóico. O diâmetro de todas as estruturas umbilicais estudadas se reduziu continuamente ao longo do primeiro mês de vida (p<0,05), sem efeito do sexo (p>0,05). Comparados aos bezerros concebidos por métodos naturais, os produtos de FIV nasceram com os vasos umbilicais e o ducto alantóide um pouco mais calibrosos (diâmetros 1 a 3 mm maiores). Distintamente dos valores mais elevados estabelecidos em estudos prévios para os bezerros de raças européias, pode-se admitir, por fim, que nos bezerros recém-nascidos sadios da raça Nelore a espessura das estruturas que compõem o umbigo externo não deve ultrapassar 2 cm, o diâmetro da veia e da artéria umbilicais pode chegar a 1 cm e o do ducto alantóide é próximo a 0,5 cm.

This study was carried out to characterize the involution of the umbilical cord structures in healthy Nelore calves during their first 35 days of life, and to compare this process in calves conceived by natural methods or by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Forty calves were separated in two groups (n=20) according to their conception method (natural or IVF) and each group consisted of ten male and ten female calves. The ultrasound (7.5 MHz micro convex transducer) was used to examine all the remaining structures of the umbilical cord that make the external navel and the abdominal structures (umbilical vein, left umbilical artery and allantoic duct), and their diameters were measured in distinct locations. The examinations were performed between 24 and 36 hours of life and at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of age. The effects of sex, age and method of conception were tested by repeated measures ANOVA. The ultrasound examination was suitable for evaluation of extra- and intra-abdominal umbilical structures and characterization of its involutive physiological process. Both veins were visualized in the external umbilicus up to 14 days of life and set of structures in process of atrophy were seen after this age. In the abdomen, the artery and the vein could be examined up to 35 days of age, and the allantoic duct only during the first week of life. These structures showed a regular and consistent hyperechoic wall and a homogeneous anechoic lumen. The diameter of all studied structures decreased throughout the first month of life (p<0.05) without any sex effect (p>0.05). The umbilical vessels and the allantoic duct were slightly wider (diameter 1-3 mm larger) in calves conceived by IVF. Differently from the highest values previously demonstrated for Bos taurus calves, we can disclose that in healthy newborn Nelore calves the thickness of the structures which make the external navel should not exceed 2 cm, the diameter of the umbilical vein and artery can reach 1 cm and the diameter of the allantoic duct is close to 0.5cm.

Neste trabalho são analisados os efeitos da saturação magnética na operação de motores de indução, quando acionados por conversores estáticos. Para estudos de simulação um modelo matemático baseado em funções harmônicas magnéticas é utilizado para levar em conta a saturação. Observa-se que distorções no fluxo de entreferro devido às características magnéticas não lineares resultam em harmônicos espaciais na distribuição da densidade de fluxo resultante. Estes por sua vez, causam distorções nas grandezas temporais de estator e rotor, diferentes daquelas devido ao conversor estático. A operação do motor em condições de saturação é analisada para conversores de seis pulsos e PWM senoidal. A comparação dos resultados experimentais com os simulados mostrou ótima concordância.

The effects of magnetic saturation on the operation of induction motors driven by static converters are analyzed. A mathematical model based on magnetic harmonic functions is used to account for saturation. Distortions on the air gap flux due to non-linear magnetic characteristics lead to appearance of space harmonics in the resultant flux density distribution. This causes specific distortions in stator and rotor time quantities, which are different from those due to static converter. Operation with six pulse and sinusoidal PWM converters under saturated conditions is considered. Comparisons of experimental and simulated results are presented and found to be in very good agreement.

This study discourses about the especific training needs of the nursing teams of the Centers of Reference of Sexual Transmissible Diseases (STD) and Aids from the STD/Aids Program of the Health Secretary of the Township of São Paulo for the assistance of clients with HIV and Aids. From a total of 671 nursing workers, 453 answered the questionnaire. They identified the following training needs: contents related to standard precautions, preparation and administration of specific drugs and other general nursing care to HIV + clients.

Discorre-se sobre as necessidades de qualificação específica das equipes de enfermagem dos Centros de Referência de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis e Aids da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo, para a assistência aos clientes portadores do HIV e da Aids. Foram enviados questionários abertos, para todos os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem de todas as unidades do Programa Municipal de DST/Aids. Do total de 671 profissionais de enfermagem, 453 responderam ao questionário. Como necessidades de qualificação foram apontadas: biossegurança, preparo e administração de medicamentos específicos e assistência de enfermagem aos clientes com HIV e Aids.

Discorre-se sobre as necessidades de qualificação específica das equipes de enfermagem dos Centros de Referência de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis e Aids da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo, para a assistência aos clientes portadores do HIV e da Aids. Foram enviados questionários abertos, para todos os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem de todas as unidades do Programa Municipal de DST/Aids. Do total de 671 profissionais de enfermagem, 453 responderam ao questionário. Como necessidades de qualificação foram apontadas: biossegurança, preparo e administração de medicamentos específicos e assistência de enfermagem aos clientes com HIV e Aids.

This study discourses about the especific training needs of the nursing teams of the Centers of Reference of Sexual Transmissible Diseases (STD) and Aids from the STD/Aids Program of the Health Secretary of the Township of São Paulo for the assistance of clients with HIV and Aids. From a total of 671 nursing workers, 453 answered the questionnaire. They identified the following training needs: contents related to standard precautions, preparation and administration of specific drugs and other general nursing care to HIV + clients.

Relata-se um caso de uma família com diagnóstico de tuberculose, cujo cão também apresentava a enfermidade. Discute-se a importância do rastreamento epidemiológico animal em casos de tuberculose humana.

The present paper describes tuberculosis in a family whose dog also presented the disease. The importance of animal epidemiological investigation in cases of tuberculosis in man is discussed.

Relata-se um caso de uma família com diagnóstico de tuberculose, cujo cão também apresentava a enfermidade. Discute-se a importância do rastreamento epidemiológico animal em casos de tuberculose humana.

The present paper describes tuberculosis in a family whose dog also presented the disease. The importance of animal epidemiological investigation in cases of tuberculosis in man is discussed.

O autor descreve a anatomia dos plexo venoso vertebral, cujo perfeito conhecimento é fundamental para uma correta interpretação da venografia epidural intra-óssea e flebografia epidural.

The author describes the anatomy of the vertebral venous system. It is fundamental to know the correct intraosseus and epidural phlebography to make right interpretation.